Details of DPV and References

DPV NO: 143 October 1975

Family: Potyviridae
Genus: Bymovirus
Species: Barley yellow mosaic virus | Acronym: BaYMV

There is a more recent description of this virus: DPV 374

Barley yellow mosaic virus

T. Inouye College of Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Osaka, Japan

Y. Saito Institute for Plant Virus Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Aoba Cho, Chiba, Japan

Contents

Introduction

Described by Ikata & Kawai (1940).

A virus with slightly flexuous filamentous particles of two lengths, c. 275 and 550 nm, and both 13 nm wide. It is sap-transmissible and soil-borne; the fungus Polymyxa graminis is thought to be a vector. The only host known is barley. Found in Japan.

Main Diseases

Causes mosaic in barley (Fig. 1); sometimes the leaves show complete yellowing with necrotic patches; plants are stunted. The severity of symptoms depends on the cultivar of barley and the environmental conditions. Symptoms are usually not produced above 18°C. They usually appear in early spring but tend to disappear as the weather becomes warmer.

Geographical Distribution

Japan.

Host Range and Symptomatology

The only host known is Hordeum vulgare (barley). Transmitted through infective soil, and by inoculation of sap. The species of plants tested but not infected include Triticum aestivum (wheat), Avena sativa (oat), Oryza sativa (rice), Chenopodium amaranticolor and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco).

Diagnostic species

Hordeum vulgare (barley). The virus is transmissible to barley, though not readily, by inoculation with plant sap and keeping test plants below about 18°C. Increased infectivity was observed when inoculum was made by grinding diseased leaves in 10-3 M KCN, Na-DIECA, or Na-azide (Takanashi et al., 1967), 3% K2HPO4 (Takahashi et al., 1968), or 10-4 M p-nitrophenol (Kusaba et al., 1971).

Propagation species

Hordeum vulgare.

Assay species

No local lesion host is known. The virus may be assayed by finding the percentage of Hordeum vulgare plants infected using different concentrations of inoculum.

Strains

No special strains have been described, but differences in varietal resistance of barley to different virus isolates (Takahashi et al.,1968) and in different infective soils (Saito & Okamoto, 1964; Kusaba et al.,1971) have been observed.

Transmission by Vectors

Kusaba et al. (1971) suggested that a fungus, Polymyxa graminis, is the vector of the virus because (1) steamed soil became infective on addition of resting spores of the fungus collected from roots of barley naturally infected with the virus, (2) virus transmission was not prevented by treating resting spores of the fungus with 10% Teepol, 5% trisodium orthophosphate, or at pH 2.3, (3) virus-free fungus acquired the ability to transmit when it was grown in plants infected with virus by inoculation of sap, (4) the infectivity of suspensions prepared from naturally infected roots was closely related to the number of zoospores of the fungus that they contained.

Infectivity in air-dried soil was retained for over 5 years (Yasu & Yoshino, 1964).

Transmission through Seed

Not found (Yasu & Yoshino, 1964).

Transmission by Dodder

Not reported.

Serology

Serum from a rabbit injected intravenously, then intramuscularly, with partially purified virus reacted with the virus to a titre of 1/1280 in complement fixation tests (Usugi & Saito, 1970).

Relationships

In complement fixation tests, barley yellow mosaic virus is serologically related to wheat yellow mosaic and rice necrosis mosaic viruses (Usugi & Saito, 1970). It resembles rice necrosis mosaic (Inouye, 1968, 1970), wheat yellow mosaic (Saito et al., 1966) and wheat spindle streak mosaic (Slykhuis, 1970; Hooper & Wiese, 1972) viruses, in its transmissibility through soil, its particle morphology, and in inducing pinwheel-type inclusions and characteristic membranous network structures in the cytoplasm of infected plant cells.

Stability in Sap

The dilution end-point is less than 10-2 (Kusaba et al.,1971; Yasu & Yoshino, 1964). The thermal inactivation point and longevity in vitro are not known. Infectivity of dried leaf tissue is retained for two years at 5-10°C (Miyamoto, 1958).

Purification

Usugi & Saito (1970): homogenize infected leaf tissue in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 7.0), clarify by adding carbon tetrachloride, and concentrate by two or three cycles of differential centrifugation. Two virus-containing bands form in sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Highly purified virus preparations were obtained by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl, only one band being formed (Usugi & Saito, 1975).

Properties of Particles

The ultraviolet absorption spectrum is typical for nucleoprotein, having a maximum at 265-270 nm with a hump at 290 nm.

A260/A280: 1.14.

Buoyant density in CsCl: 1.29 g/ml (Usugi & Saito, 1975).

Particle Structure

Particles (Fig. 2) of barley yellow mosaic virus are slightly flexuous filaments 13 nm in diameter and having two modal lengths of 275 and 550 nm; both lengths are found in leaf dips and in partially purified virus preparations (Inouye, 1964, 1968).

Particle Composition

Unknown.

Relations with Cells and Tissues

X-bodies can be found in cells of epidermal strips of infected leaves (Fig. 3). In ultrathin sections, prominent membranous network structures, pinwheel-type inclusions, and loosely banded aggregates of virus particles are often observed in the cytoplasm (Saito et al.,1966) (Fig. 4).

Notes

Barley yellow mosaic virus can be distinguished from other viruses with elongated particles that infect barley in Japan by particle morphology and infectivity for Chenopodium amaranticolor or C. quinoa. Barley stripe mosaic (Atabekov & Novikov, 1971) and soil-borne wheat mosaic (Brakke, 1971) viruses have straight rod-shaped particles and cause local lesions in the inoculated leaves of the Chenopodium spp. whereas barley yellow mosaic virus has more slender particles and does not infect these hosts.

Figures

References list for DPV: Barley yellow mosaic virus (143)

  1. Atabekov & Novikov, CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses 68, 4 pp., 1971.
  2. Brakke, CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses 77, 4 pp., 1971.
  3. Hooper & Wiese, Virology 47: 644,1972.
  4. Ikata & Kawai, Noji Kairyo Shiryo 154, 123 pp., 1940.
  5. Inouye, Nogaku Kenkyu 50: 117, 1964.
  6. Inouye, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 34: 301, 1968.
  7. Inouye, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 36: 186, 1970.
  8. Kusaba, Toyama, Yumoto & Tatebe, Spec. Bull. Tottori agric. exp. Stn 2, 208 pp., 1971.
  9. Miyamoto, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 23: 199, 1958.
  10. Saito & Okamoto, Bull. natn. Inst. agric. Sci., Tokyo C 17: 75, 1964.
  11. Saito, Ueda & Inaba, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 32: 87, 1966.
  12. Slykhuis, Phytopathology 60: 319, 1970.
  13. Takahashi, Inouye, Hayashi, Moriya, Hirao & Mitsuhata, Nogaku Kenkyu 52: 65, 1968.
  14. Takanashi, Saito & Iwata, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 33: 43, 1967.
  15. Usugi & Saito, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 36: 375, 1970.
  16. Usugi & Saito, Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan 41: 87, 1975.
  17. Yasu & Yoshino, Bull. Saitama agric. exp. Stn 24: 1, 1964.