Details of DPV and References

DPV NO: 381 December 2001

Family: Bromoviridae

Genus: Ilarvirus

Species: Tobacco streak virus | Acronym: TSV

This description also supercedes that for black raspberry latent virus (DPV 106), now regarded as a strain of TSV.

This is a revised version of DPV 307

Tobacco streak virus

S. W. Scott Department of Plant Pathology and Physiology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0377, USA.

Contents

Introduction

Described by Johnson (1936)

Synonyms

Annulus orae (Thomas & Zaumeyer, 1950)

Asparagus stunt virus (Brunt & Paludan, 1970)

Black raspberry latent virus (Jones & Mayo, 1975)

Datura 'quercina' virus (Edwardson & Purciful, 1974)

Nicotiana virus 8 (Smith, 1937)
Strawberry necrotic shock virus (Stace-Smith & Frazier, 1971)

A virus with quasi-isometric particles 27 - 35 nm in diameter. It has a wide host range and occurs worldwide but not often in epidemic proportions. Virus particle preparations contain at least four ssRNA species of 3.49, 2.96, 2.2 and approx 0.9 kb and a major protein of M_r 28,000. It is unstable in plant extracts but can be transmitted mechanically to a number of hosts. It is transmitted through pollen, seed, and by thrips.

Main Diseases

Causes systemic necrotic lines bordering veins (Fig. 1) (streak, `necrose branca') in tobacco, with subsequent recovery in newly developing leaves; mottling or no symptoms in dahlia (Costa & Carvalho, 1961; Brunt, 1968); mottling in cotton (Costa & Carvalho, 1961), Trifolium pratense and Melilotus alba; yellow ringspots and malformation in tomato (Martelli & Cirulli, 1969; Costa et al., 1961); stunting of asparagus (Brunt & Paludan, 1970); vein yellowing in rose (Fulton, 1970b); red node in bean (Thomas & Zaumeyer, 1950); systemic necrosis in pea (Patino & Zaumeyer, 1959), soybean (Costa & Carvalho, 1961; Fagbenle & Ford, 1970) and potato (Costa et al., 1964); mild mosaic in potato (Salazar et al., 1982); and necrotic shock in strawberry (Stace-Smith & Frazier, 1971) (Fig. 2). It has also been isolated from black raspberry (Converse, 1972), red raspberry (Stace-Smith et al., 1982), blackberry (Jones & Mayo, 1975), groundnut, pepper (Gracia & Feldman, 1974), globe artichoke (Costa & Tasaka, 1971), alfalfa (Paliwal, 1982), sunflower (Dijkstra, 1983; Ravi et al., 2001), lettuce and escarole (McDaniel et al., 1992) and numerous wild species including Ageratum houstonianum in Australia (Greber et al., 1991); Rumex spp, Taraxacum officinale (Fulton, 1948), Brassica campestris, Silybum marianum, and Rhaphanus rhaphinastrum in the USA (Cupertino et al., 1984); and Talinum patens in Brazil (Lima Neto, 1984). The virus has been identified as infecting ornamental species including: Alstroemeria (Brunt & Phillips, 1981), Clematis (Bellardi et al., 1985; Rana et al., 1987), Lisianthus (Freitas et al., 1996), Impatiens (Lockhart & Betzold, 1980) and Ajuga reptans (Shukla & Gough, 1983).

Geographical Distribution

Probably occurs worldwide. Reported from Europe, North and South America, South Africa, India, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.

Host Range and Symptomatology

The host range is wide; many species in over 30 monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous families are susceptible. Extensive lists of susceptible species have been prepared by Edwardson & Christie (1991) and Brunt et al. (1996).

Diagnostic species

Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). Local necrotic spots or rings (Fig. 3), systemic necrotic lines and 'oak leaf' patterns; plants recover from necrotic symptoms and leaves that expand several weeks after infection may appear healthy. With many strains of the virus, these apparently healthy leaves have dentate rather than entire margins (Berkeley & Phillips, 1943) and petal terminations are filamentous (Costa, 1945). Isolates from Rubus and dahlia infect tobacco with difficulty or not at all (Fulton, 1985) although successful transmission of isolates from Rubus to herbaceous hosts, including tobacco, has been reported when using 2% nicotine (Jones & Mayo, 1975), 2% nicotine plus aluminium oxide powder (Converse & Lister, 1969), or 1% nicotine plus 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone (Brunt & Stace-Smith, 1976).

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (guar). Small, dark local lesions.

Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica (catjang). Strains may give either local reddish necrotic lesions or chlorotic lesions with subsequent systemic necrosis or mottle.

Propagation species

Cultures of most isolates are readily maintained in tobacco or Vinca rosea. Tobacco, Nicotiana rustica, Datura stramonium and V. unguiculata ssp. cylindrica are good sources of virus for purification. Yields of many strains are several times higher when propagated in D. stramonium than when propagated in other species (Fulton & Potter, 1971). Isolates from Rubus are best propagated in Chenopodium quinoa (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5).

Assay species

V. unguiculata ssp. cylindrica, Dolichos biflorus, Beta patellaris, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Black Turtle (Fig. 6) and Gomphrena globosa have been used as local lesion hosts with various isolates.

Strains

Many variants exist. Serological variants are described from South America and North America (Fulton, 1972; Ghabrial & Lister, 1974; Gooding, 1971; Kaiser et al., 1982) and from Rubus (Jones & Mayo, 1975). Several isolates differ in symptoms caused on indicator hosts. Isolates from Rubus (Converse, 1972; Jones & Mayo, 1975) and dahlia (Fulton, 1985) are transmitted to tobacco only with difficulty or not at all. Black raspberry latent virus (Converse & Lister, 1969; Jones & Mayo, 1975) and Bean red node virus (Thomas & Zaumeyer, 1950) are considered distinct strains. Isolate SB10 from potato causes markedly different symptoms from those described for another isolate of TSV from potato (Costa et al., 1964), suggesting that the two isolates are distinct strains (Salazar et al., 1982). Nucleic acid hybridization and ELISA showed an isolate of strawberry necrosis virus and a TSV isolate from Rubus to be closely related but distinct from another group of isolates (the WC isolate from white clover, Bean red node virus and an isolate from tobacco) (Stenger et al., 1987). An isolate of TSV from peanut in S. Africa showed greater than 95% homology with the nucleic acid sequence of the WC isolate (Scott et al., 1998).

Transmission by Vectors

A Frankliniella sp. is reported as a vector in Brazil (Costa & Lima Neto, 1976). A mixture of Thrips tabaci and F. occidentalis was reported to transmit the virus in USA (Kaiser et al., 1982). T. tabaci transmitted the virus to C. quinoa (Sdoodee & Teakle, 1987) apparently by mechanical inoculation rather than involving ingestion of the virus by the vector (Sdoodee & Teakle, 1993). A combination of thrips (Microcephalothrips abdominalis) and wind-blown pollen is reported to spread the virus from Ageratum houstonianum to adjacent crops of tobacco (Greber et al., 1991).

Transmission through Seed

Reported for bean, D. stramonium, C. quinoa (Brunt, 1969), M. alba, Glycine max, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiana clevelandii, V. unguiculata (Kaiser et al., 1982), black raspberry (Converse & Lister, 1969), tomato (Sdoodee & Teakle, 1988), and Nicandra physalodes (Salazar et al., 1982). Transmitted through seed of strawberry hybrids via pollen or ovule. Frequencies of transmission range from 90% in G. max, 35% in strawberry (Johnson et al., 1984), to less than 1% in V. unguiculata (Kaiser et al., 1982). The Black raspberry latent strain is reported to be transmitted by pollen to the plant pollinated (Converse & Lister, 1969).

Transmission by Dodder

Transmitted by Cuscuta campestris (Fulton, 1948).

Serology

The virus is poorly immunogenic. Intravenous injection of substantial amounts of virus at short intervals yielded antisera of low titre (Gooding, 1971) as did four intramuscular injections of 3 mg of virus at 5-7 day intervals followed by 2 intravenous injections (Ghanekar & Schwenk, 1980). Two intramuscular injections mixed 1:1 with Freund's incomplete adjuvant followed by 4 intravenous injections yielded antisera with a titre of 1:32 (Converse, 1972). Fixation of the virus with 0.2% formaldehyde prior to immunization and a series of 6 intravenous immunizations at 3-5 day intervals did not produce antisera of high titre (Jones & Mayo, 1975). However, all the sera produced by the above methods functioned in gel double diffusion serological assays. High titre sera (1:2,560-1:5,120 in microprecipitin tests) have been reported on one occasion when an extended schedule of 12-14 intramuscular injections of 1-2 mg of virus in Freund's incomplete adjuvant at 3-4 day intervals was used (Fulton, 1985). The virus gives a well-defined zone of precipitate in agar gels containing saline. There is serological variation among isolates of TSV with immunodiffusion assays frequently revealing spurs indicating antigenic differences. Strain-specific antisera have been prepared by cross absorption with purified particles of various virus strains. Monoclonal antibodies have been produced that recognized 4 antigenic differences and were able to distinguish between isolates of TSV from soybean, grape, rose, and tobacco (Halk et al., 1984).

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

cDNA probes have been used for the detection of strawberry necrotic shock virus in strawberry (Stenger et al., 1987).

Relationships

Some isolates cross-react with each other's antisera, but some have strain-specific antigenic determinants. Many strains reciprocally protect against each other in plants, but pairs of strains that protect only unilaterally, or not at all, are reported (Fulton, 1978). The inability to cross-protect is not necessarily correlated with serological difference (Fulton, 1985). TSV is the type member of the genus Ilarvirus, one of 5 genera contained within the family Bromoviridae. Species in the genus Ilarvirus were placed into 7 subgroups based largely on serological relationships (Roossinck et al., 2000). Viruses within a subgroup are serologically related but show no serological relationship to members of other subgroups. In recent years nucleotide sequence data has been used to confirm or alter the relationships among the subgroups. TSV was for many years the sole member of subgroup 1. More recently, sequence data now indicate that Parietaria mottle virus (PMoV) (originally the sole member of subgroup 6) should be included in subgroup 1 (S.W. Scott, unpublished data). Lisianthus line pattern virus (LLPV), that has serological relationships with both TSV and PMoV (Lisa et al., 1994), should also be included in this subgroup. Hydrangea mosaic virus (HdMV) was reported to be a member of subgroup 1 based on sequence data (Ge & Scott, 1996). However, it has since been determined that the virus isolate sequenced was PMoV and not HdMV and that HdMV is closely related to Elm mottle virus (EMoV) in subgroup 2 (S.W. Scott, unpublished data).

Stability in Sap

Undiluted tobacco sap loses most of its infectivity within 5 min after extraction (Fulton, 1949) and all of its infectivity in less than 36 h. Infectivity is lost more slowly in diluted extracts and is stabilized in extracts by the presence of antioxidants, especially 2-mercaptoethanol. The thermal inactivation point for most isolates is between 53 and 64°C and the dilution endpoint between 1/30 and 1/15,625. Variation in these properties depends on the host species from which the sap was prepared and on the presence or absence of antioxidants (Brunt et al., 1996). The virus remains infective for many years in diced tissue dried and stored at about 2°C and in freeze-dried tissue stored at -20°C.

Purification

The following methods are effective (Fulton, 1967). Harvest infected leaf tissue about 10 days after inoculation and homogenize in 0.02 M phosphate, pH 8.0, containing 0.02 M 2-mercaptoethanol and Al₂O₃ (1g leaf: 1.4 ml buffer: 0.15g Al₂O₃). After centrifuging for 15-20 min at 1,500 g, thoroughly mix the supernatant fluid with hydrated calcium phosphate (0.8ml : 1g tissue). Centrifuge at 1,500 g for 15-20 min and centrifuge the supernatant fluid for 3 h at 78,000 g. Resuspend the pellets in 0.01 M EDTA, pH 6.0, adjust the pH to 5.0 with citric acid and remove the precipitate by centrifugation. Readjust the supernatant fluid containing the virus, to pH 6.0 with NaOH and concentrate the virus by high speed centrifugation. Resuspend the pellets in 0.01 M EDTA, pH 6.0, in which the virus is more stable than in either water or several different buffers (Fulton, 1970a). Yields of virus from infected D. stramonium may be up to 400 µg per gram of tissue (Fulton & Potter, 1971). Some virus isolates cannot be purified in this way and require a method involving precipitation with 4% polyethylene glycol (mol. wt 6000) and 0.1 M NaCl (Fulton, 1978).

The method described by van Vloten-Doting (1975) for purification from N. edwardsonii using Triton X-100 is useful for the WC isolate (S.W. Scott, unpublished data) and procedures involving clarification of leaf extracts by charcoal and freeze/thawing (Mink et al., 1966) and di-ethyl ether-CCl₄ (Greber, 1971) have also been useful.

Properties of Particles

The virus has three main kinds of nucleoprotein particle (Fig. 7), designated T, M and B, with sedimentation coefficients (s_20,w) of c. 90, 98, and 113 S, respectively (Lister & Bancroft, 1970). The relative proportions of the particle types may vary with the host, purification procedure (Lister & Bancroft, 1970), virus strain, or time after inoculation (Fulton & Potter, 1971). Infectivity of separated particle types is nil or nearly so for T and M particles, and low for B particles (Fulton, 1970a). Maximum infectivity is obtained with mixtures of M and B particles and increases further with the addition of T particles. However, increasing the proportion of T particles in mixtures of M+B of constant concentration decreases infectivity (Fulton, 1975).

Mol. wt (x 10^-6) of T, M and B particles are 4.72, 5.92 and 7.45 respectively (Ghabrial & Lister, 1974).

Diffusion coefficients (x 10^-7 cm².sec^-1) of T, M and B particles are 1.39, 1.32 and 1.23 respectively.

The isoelectric point of two strains was pH 4.6 in 0.1 ionic strength buffer.

Partial specific volume: 0.71 ml/g.

A_{260 nm} (1 µg/ml, 1 cm light path): 5.1.

Buoyant density in CsCl: 1.35 g.cm^-3 for each particle type (Jones & Mayo, 1975).

Particle Structure

Particles are quasi-isometric and of three major sizes: 27, 30, and 35 nm in diameter (Lister et al., 1972). The numbers of protein subunits for the three particle types are thought to be: T, 142; M, 179; and B, 225 (Ghabrial & Lister, 1974). Regularity in arrangement of subunits is not apparent in electron micrographs, which show slightly distorted particles without hollow centres (Fig. 7).

Particle Composition

Nucleic acid: Virus particles contain ssRNA of which 3 are genomic and up to 2 others are subgenomic. Generally, the genomic RNA-3 and the subgenomic RNA-4 are present in much greater concentration than the other species. Virus particle preparations have A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ of c. 1.56. Particles contain c. 14% RNA (Ghabrial & Lister, 1974). The complete nucleotide sequences of the 3 genomic species of the WC isolate have been determined; they contain 3,491 nt (RNA-1; accession no. U80934; Scott et al., 1998), 2,926 nt (RNA-2; accession no. U75538, Scott et al., 1998) 2,205 nt (RNA-3; accession no. X00435 (Cornelissen et al., 1984). The subgenomic RNA-4 is a copy of the coat protein gene located at the 3' end of RNA-3. The exact size is unknown. A subgenomic RNA-4a occurs in preparations of the WC isolate and, based on comparisons with work on Elm mottle virus, is thought to be a copy of the 2b ORF. The exact size of this molecule is unknown (Scott et al., 1998).

Protein: Comprises 86% of the particle weight. The M_r of the protein subunits is 28,000-30,000 estimated by electrophoresis in PAGE. The amino acid composition of two serologically different strains differed, especially in contents of alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, proline and valine (Ghabrial & Lister, 1974). The putative translation product of the CP gene of accession no. X00435 contains 237 aa and has an M_r of 26,240. The coat protein contains a conserved arginine motif that is responsible for the binding of the protein in the activation of the genome of TSV, other ilarviruses, and Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) (Ansel-McKinney et al., 1996).

Genome Properties

The genome comprises RNA-1, RNA-2 and RNA-3 (Fig. 8). RNA-1 contains a single ORF that encodes a putative polypeptide (1a protein) of 123 kDa. The polypeptide contains two domains with sequence characteristics of methyltransferase and NTP-binding activities. RNA-2 contains 2 ORFs. The putative product of the larger ORF (2a protein) is 91.5 kDa and contains a domain with sequence characteristics of an RNA polymerase. The smaller 2b ORF begins within the larger ORF and extends towards the 3' terminus of the molecule. The putative product (2b protein) is 22 kDa and appears to be expressed via a subgenomic RNA-4a. (Scott et al., 1998). RNA-3 is bicistronic and codes for a putative movement (3a) protein of 31.6 kDa and the coat (3b) protein of 26.2 kDa. The coat protein gene is expressed via subgenomic RNA-4. Mixtures of the three main RNA species are not infective, but become so in the presence of either subgenomic RNA-4 or the coat protein. Coat protein of AMV, although unrelated serologically to that of TSV, also activates infectivity. Similarly, the coat protein of TSV activates the three largest RNA molecules of AMV (van Vloten-Doting, 1975). TSV coat protein also activated nucleic acid mixtures of Citrus leaf rugose virus and of Citrus variegation virus, ilarviruses that are unrelated serologically to TSV (Gonsalves & Garnsey, 1975). By inference from the work on AMV (Houser-Scott et al., 1994; Reusken, et al.,1994) the AUGC motifs in the 3' UTR of the virus are involved in the activation of infectivity.

van Vloten-Doting (1975) reported that the largest genomic RNA molecule occurs in B particles, the intermediate RNA molecule in M particles, and the smallest RNA molecule in T particles. However, heterogeneity in the RNA content of M particles has been described (Clark & Lister, 1971), and this agrees with genetic data indicating that determinants for lesion type in V. unguiculata ssp. cylindrica may be located in either T or M particles (Fulton, 1970a). A severe dwarfing symptom in TSV-infected Turkish tobacco is determined by two genes, one contained on RNA in M particles and the other on RNA in B particles (Fulton, 1972). The size and colour of lesions in Vigna are inherited independently, the gene for small lesions being frequently carried on RNA-3 in T particles (Fulton, 1975). An unstable gene conditioning a `non-recovery' symptom in tobacco was carried on only RNA-3 in T particles (Fulton, 1985). The presence of many minor species of RNA was noted in a mild, infrequently transmitted isolate of TSV. Absence of the minor RNAs was correlated with the development of atypically severe symptoms on C. quinoa and P. vulgaris (Walter et al., 1995).

Relations with Cells and Tissues

Virus particles occur in aggregates in the cytoplasm and nucleus of hosts (Edwardson & Purcifull, 1974). In soybean, the virus was obtained only from the embryos of mature seeds but was present in both the embryos and coats of immature seeds (Ghanekar & Schwenk, 1980). In cotton the virus does not become systemic unless 'anthocyanosis virus' is also present (Costa, 1969).

Notes

Symptoms in diagnostic hosts may vary and may be confused with those of other viruses. Identification should be made by serology and PCR. In some instances single isolates of the virus have been described as strains without evidence that they differ significantly from other isolates. Some of the data in this description were obtained with only one or two isolates and may not be representative of all isolates. Lisianthus line pattern virus (Lisa et al., 1994), although reported as a new ilarvirus, has not been included in the current ICTV list of ilarviruses. TSV has recently been reported in American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) (Jones et al., 2001) and has been identified as the recent cause of major crop loss in sunflower and groundnut in India (Ravy et al., 2001; Reddy et al., 2001).

Acknowledgements

Figures by R.H. Converse and R. Stace-Smith reprinted from Virus Diseases of Small Fruits, Agriculture Handbook 631, 1987 with permission of USDA/ARS and supplied by Dr. R.R. Martin, USDA-ARS 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330.

Figures

Systemic necrotic lines bordering veins in Nicotiana clevelandii 12 days after inoculation with a TSV isolate from Rubus.

Necrosis of young leaves in Fragaria vesca var. semperflorens cv. Alpine 2wk after leaf grafting from a strawberry plant infected with TSV.

Chlorotic/necrotic local lesions in Nicotiana tabacum cv. `Haranova', 5 days after inoculation with an isolate of TSV from Rubus.

Chlorotic local lesions in Chenopodium quinoa 6 days after inoculation with an isolate of TSV from Rubus.

Systemic tip necrosis of Chenopodium quinoa 21 days after inoculation with an isolate of TSV from Rubus.

Necrotic local lesions in a leaf of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. `Black Turtle', 5 days after inoculation with an isolate of TSV from Rubus.

Electron micrograph of a purified particle preparation of an isolate of TSV from Rubus fixed in glutaraldehyde and negatively stained. The bar represents 100 nm.

Genome diagram of the virus. MP, movement protein; CP, coat protein. RNAs 1-3 are genomic and act as mRNAs. The ORFs 2b and 3b (CP) are expressed from subgenomic RNAs. It is not known whether the subgenomic form from ORF2b is encapsidated. The subgenomic RNA4 is encapsidated and the presence of either it or the coat protein is required for infectivity.

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